Annotated Bibliography Literacy As Foreign Aid - 704 Words

Austin Hammond ENGL 2311.350 Dr. Gregory September 25, 2014 Annotated Bibliography: Literacy as Foreign Aid to Developing Nations Abosi, Okey. Educating Children With Learning Disabilities In Africa. Learning Disabilities Research Practice (Wiley-Blackwell) 22.3 (2007): 196-201. Academic Search Complete. Web. 27 Sept. 2014. Abosi addresses the concern of children in African classrooms that are challenged with learning disorders and examines the diverse contributing factors such as: health issues, poverty, lack of school materials, and motivational issues, and how they interfere with the learning environment. His study examines the current condition of education for students with learning disabilities, especially in Botswana, and the factors for providing effective services for student success. Abubakar, Sanusi. â€Å"Illiteracy Is Both Developmental and National Security Issue [column].† African News Service 10 Sept. 2013. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 25. Sept. 2014. Abubakar stresses why education is valuable beyond the focus of intellectual development and how education influences the well-being of a society. The author provides a general overview on the dilemma of illiteracy in developing countries and statistics conveying: adult literacy rates, children out-of-school information, and figures on literacy level improvements and literate populations. Appiah, Elizabeth N., and Walter W. McMahon. The Social Outcomes Of Education And Feedbacks On Growth InShow MoreRelatedAction Research for Esl Students5641 Words   |  23 PagesResearch Question†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Page Methodology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Page Setting and Sample Population†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Page Data Collection and Procedures†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...Page Intervention Plan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Page Conclusion and Recommendations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Page Annotated Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...Page References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Page Issues Regarding English as a Second Action Research Proposal 3 Abstract: The issue of Immersing English as a Second Language andRead MoreAdvancing Effective Communicationcommunication, Cultural Competence, and Patient- and Family-Centered Care Quality Safety Equity53293 Words   |  214 Pages.....................................................................................40 Address the communication needs of patients with sensory or communication impairments ....................................................41 Integrate health literacy strategies into patient discussions and materials ................................................................................42 Incorporate cultural competence and patient- and family-centered care concepts into care delivery ..............Read MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 Pagespoints being made. The volume has been rethought, reworked, and reedited, indeed renewed, to reflect recent changes and new issues in the information services environment. Citations and examples have been updated and the Web site expanded as a valuable aid for teaching and learning as well as managing information services. New examples of library and information service practice are included. The edition incorporates more international materials; some provide direct application for those seeking to establishRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagesfacilitative potential for the exercise of control. It does so without denying that performance management frequently takes place in a hierarchical context with persistent power asymmetries. As such, the concept of enabling control holds the potential to aid in an understanding of the practical operation of performance management that combines the ambition of empowerment with the reality of individually distributed responsibilities and hierarchy. Frequently, however, the control concepts that are written

Separation between Law and Morality - 1919 Words

The positivistic thesis of the separation between law and morality, and it’s origin is an attempt to divorce the law and the state from claims of religion and tradition. In this perspective, law is conventional in character and should not be subject to an ideal absolute and juristic study must not be influenced by external morality. According to Hart, this legal positivity consists in the acceptance of the separability thesis that there is no necessary connection between legal and moral norms . However According to, (Payne, 1976, p. 317)In a legal system the existence of any rule may be verified, questions about the moral/non-moral value of it may be raised, also questions about the validity of every rule except the rule of recognition . With this acceptance of a social rule, Hart can preserve the fundamental contention of legal positivism, that there is a factual criterion for distinguishing law from morals. All legal rules of a society can be determined by reference to an e xisting rule of recognition. For moral rules however it is neither necessary nor appropriate that there be an actually existing rule of recognition by which to determine the moral rules. The idea of a normative rule, and Hart’s notion of acceptance is a rejection of the dichotomy between law based merely on power and law which is accepted as morally binding. From hart’s methodology, his substantial aim of separating law and morals itself has normative moral grounds. Rather than defend legalShow MoreRelatedEthics And The Separation Of Law And Morals1257 Words   |  6 Pages Law and morality work together to guide our behavior; while law does it by punishing us if we do something wrong, morality does it through incentives. In their articles, both H.L.A Hart in â€Å"Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morals,† and Lon Fuller’s reply to professor Hart in â€Å"Positivism and Fidelity to Law,† discuss the concept of law post world war II Germany and their re-imagining of natural law as put forth by Gustav Radbruch’s theory. In this paper, I hope to show how both law and moralityRead MoreThe Case Of The Speluncean Explorers1544 Words   |  7 PagesSpeluncean Explorers, written by Lon Luvious Fuller, comprises of a robust statutory interpretation discussion between natural law and legal positivism. In the context of natural law, naturalist follows that there is an obligatory connection between morality and the law. To put it simply, there is a moral obligation to ascertain the legal cogency of the law. In this case, Foster J follows a natural law approach as he believes that the conviction of each of the defendants should be set aside on the premiseRead MoreOliver Wendell Holmess Relationship With Morality1632 Words   |  7 PagesA substantial debate over the law’s relationship with morality exists within the legal system. This debate gained new perspective when Oliver Wendell Holmes published The Path of Law in 1897, which outlined his view on the relationship between the law and morality. This paper will first consider whether or not Holmes believed that a writing must be moral in order to constitute a law. Next, we will explore my general agreement with Holmes’ view on this matter. Then, the paper will consider an objectionRead MoreIn James Rachels’ Book, The Element Of Moral Philosophy,858 Words   |  4 Pageschapter. He points out the similarities and differences between morality and religion. Mostly, when thought about morals, religion is mention. Religion is almost all about morals. Directing what is wrong and right. Divin e Command Theory is morality relationship between God (gods) and the people. God (gods) orders the meaning of good and the bad. People need to follow the rules to receive blessings from their creator. The Theory of Natural Law, everything has it purpose. If it is against nature, thenRead MoreOliver Wendell HolmesView On The Relationship Between The Law And Morality1560 Words   |  7 PagesA substantial debate regarding the law’s relationship with morality exists within the legal system. This debate gained new perspective when Oliver Wendell Holmes published The Path of Law in 1897. This work outlined Holmes’ view on the relationship between the law and morality. This paper will first consider whether or not Holmes believed that a writing must be moral in order to constitute a law. Next, the paper will explore my general agreement with Holmes’ view on this matter. Then, the paper willRead MoreShould We Legislate Morality? Essay896 Words   |  4 PagesIf somet hing is immoral should it also be illegal? In America, we should not pass laws where the primary concern is morality; we should only pass laws which have civil values as their primary concern. Civil values in this case are values which either ensures the safety or order of a society, such as, traffic laws or zoning laws. Also involved are more important values such as freedom, democracy, and liberty which have been laid out by our founding fathers. I have two basic reasons for holdingRead MoreThe Distinction Between Natural Law And Legal Positivism Essay1747 Words   |  7 Pagescritically deliberate, scrutinize and define the distinction between natural law and legal positivism. I will make distinctions regarding advantages and disadvantages of the definitions of the theories of natural law and legal positivism. By focussing on slavery as an example I will be looking at various theorists and their theories thereby attempting to make sense and find clarity in this regard. Furthermore to understand the aspects of natural law and legal positivism, one has to understand the theoriesRead MoreThe First Challenge : The Separation Of Powers1376 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The First Challenge: The Separation of Powers.† Summary: In Chapter 1, Hudson addresses the distorted views of democracy from modern-day Americans. He explains how separation of power within the government lessens the power of American citizens and ultimately alters the ideology behind a true democracy into what we have today. Reaction: In American Democracy in Peril† Hudson s central argument regarding chapter one Separation of Powers, is that our currant system of government is inefficientRead MoreThe Case Miller V Davis Case1302 Words   |  6 Pagesbrought to light the complicated relationship between law and morality. Indeed, Mrs Davis a county clerk in Rowan county (Kentucky), is being sued for not delivering marriage licences to same sex couples as she believes that homosexuality is morally wrong. Thus, despite the fact that same-sex marriage has been made legal by the U.S Supreme Court since June 2015. Ought individuals to apply the law though it is in inadequacy with their moral beliefs? Do the law should be totally free from any moral influenceRead MoreLegal Positivism : A Positivist Legal System1401 Words   |  6 Pagesbelieves in the separation of laws and morals in making laws. Positivism states that laws that lack moral content can still be good laws, and so far as the laws are made through the right process for passing laws, they must be obeyed. This does not mean that positivism is unconcerned about morals in the law, but it makes distinction between what is and what ought to be. Legal positivism does not say that morals and merits of the law are not important, but base the validity of a law on the presence

Waging War The Iraq War and its implications Free Essays

The United States of America has always viewed itself as a â€Å"Big Brother† responsible for protecting others and helping them is desperate times. This may prove to be a Good Samaritan act. However, at times, circumstances warrant that things be done according to what is just. We will write a custom essay sample on Waging War: The Iraq War and its implications or any similar topic only for you Order Now   George Bernard Shaw once said that the reasonable man adapts himself to the world but the unreasonable one persists in trying to adapt the world to himself that as a result, all progress depends on the unreasonable man. In the course of history, this appears to be the truth (Young, 1995). World Politics determine the relationship that exists among states today.   Even the course of history is greatly affected by decisions pertaining to politics and international law. It has become a determining factor in assessing the harmonious relationship between and among states, recognizing equality, sovereignty and respect for power and authority (Jensen, 1982). Quite noticeable is how, historically, States to what the United States has dictated. Political camaraderie has always been far more important than plain public service to subordinates and constituents. The Iraq War has magnified all the necessary details of unjust practice of desire for political advancement and world dominance (Graham 2000). This paper seeks to discuss how the Iraq war has not served its purpose at all, making it being unjustified all the more understandable. The premise on Iraq war lies on the misery experience by the people. President George W. Bush has aggressively pointed out that the threat of weapons of mass destruction such as chemicals and biological weapons, contribute to the misery of Iraq. This is because of the fact that sanctions in connection with this threat has added significantly to the poor living conditions of Iraqi people when it comes to the exercise of their freedom. President Bush labelled Saddam as a Madman in control of a very dangerous weapon and capable of spreading terror and strife. This argument has reached far and wide, magnifying the unjustified conditions of Iraqis under the leadership of Saddam Hussein.   This is evident on the fact that for almost 25 million inhabitants of Iraq, the per capita income is becoming less and less compared to five or six years ago. Its economy shrank to more than six percent and among its major problems are mortality, malnutrition and poverty. The life of the Iraqis on a daily basis has been tremendously difficult, far worse than its situation a decade ago.   This is the main reason on which President Bush has hoped to bank on when convincing others to join in the United States’ plight to wage war against Iraq. Now that everything has been done and over with, has it been a justifiable cause? The answer is a resounding NO. Primarily because the condition of Iraq has not improved after such war waged against it. More significant is the fact that mortality rates have increased, hurting more American troops and Iraqis in the process. Terrorism has not decreased but all the more became rampant. Another argument is the catching of a â€Å"madman† on the loose. Saddam Hussein has been captured and his demise has not changed anything. Terrorism still exists, and his avid followers continue to flourish long after he is gone. The end result—- misery and struggle among the people. The war on Iraq is nothing but a political move to help sustain American economy, which is practically a war economy. The fact that waging war would solicit support from other countries means that America would once again flourish in the eyes of so many people thinking that the â€Å"saviour† is here again. But come to think of it, has anything resulted from such war? Aside from achieving President Bush’ goal of seeing Saddam in his demise, nothing else has been considered a productive result. The claim of existence of weapons of mass destruction has been proven futile. No proof f such claim has been produced. In effect, what could be concluded is the fact that the United States has took advantage of the terrorism issue, magnified it and pointed it directly on Iraq, so that people all over the world will sympathize and unite with them in removing Saddam and waging war. Presently, what we have is an Iraq with a civilian government, a more â€Å"free† society but at the end of it all still looms the fact that people are suffering, having lost the identity of a country invaded by foreign entities. The war on Iraq was based on less compelling reasons. At the expense of the people, President Bush has been successful in removing Saddam, but has he been successful enough in making true his promise that suffering and poverty will be addressed and given proper solution? NO. Years have already passed since the war, nut no improvement has been evident. The plight of the Iraqis now is far worse than when they had a dictator for a government. REFERENCES Jensen, Lloyd. Explaining Foreign Policy. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1982. Ray, James Lee. Democracies and International Conflict. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1995. Greenstein, Fred. Personality and Politics .Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1987. Neustadt, Richard. Presidential Power. New York: Wiley, 1976. Graham, Allison. Essence of Decision. Boston: Little Brown, 2000. Baumgartner, Frank. Agendas and Instability in American Politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993. Young, Oran. System and Society in World Affairs: Implications for International Organizations. New York: Mc Millan 1995.    How to cite Waging War: The Iraq War and its implications, Essay examples

Decision Making in Supply Chain Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Decision Making in Supply Chain. Answer: Introduction Supply chain comprises of an integral functionality within organisations, which deal in variety of products(Vercellis, 2011). Organisations derive tremendous synergies from integration of supply chain functionalities. Supply chain can become value-chain for the organisation generating more revenues and opportunities for it. With globalisation and technological advent, supply chain has increasingly become an integral functionality that provide competitive advantages to the organisation. However, functionalities involving the supply chain is increasingly complex due to presence of large number of functions and participants in it. There needs to be tremendous transfer of information throughout the chain of supply chain such that it can function in an appropriate manner. At every step of information flow there is decision involvement that allows organisation to select amongst diversified strategies, costs, prices, tools and so on. Technological advancement has led to integration of RFID (radio frequency identification devices) into supply chain to enhance its efficiency and effectiveness. Hence, it can be identified that there are a number of decision making criterias that are involved in supply chain framework. The scope of this essay examines from various literatures, decision making with business intelligence criterias that are integrated into supply chain with analysis of the same(Popovi?, 2012). In the end certain recommendations are provided that can allow catering to effectiveness and efficient decision making as being a form of business intelligence into supply chain. Statement of Problem Organisations are faced with diversified range of challenges in the domain of decision making in supply chain. Business intelligence framework developed in recent years has made tremendous contributions to decision making in supply chain. This essay examines key challenges related to decision making in supply chain. Literature Review Business Intelligence has created immense impact in various domain of business functionality. Especially in the domain of supply chain business intelligence scope extends to multiple domain also allowing for development of decision making(Ballou, 2007). This literature review has incorporated and evaluated pertinent journals from business intelligence framework to understand challenges faced in the domain related to supply chain. BI in supply chain framework allows for identification of computing technologies for analysis and discovery of business supply chain related data such as inventory levels, production pave, manufacturing capabilities and so on, that can driver profitability. Z. R. Jourdan (2008) article, Business intelligence: An analysis of the literature 1. In the journal Information Systems Management, pages 121 to 131(Jourdan, 2008). The scope of this article identifies scope related to BI that can be applied in decision making in supply chain that can drive processes. As entire services related to supply chain in connected with customer delivery of products, demand forecast is an integral BI tool that are used by companies. Companies integrate supply chain BI tool for creating imapct on their seamless array of data that is available to them from warehouse management systems (WMS), TMS along with supply chain execution systems. M. Olszak (2007) article, Approach to building and implementing business intelligence systems. In the journal Interdisciplinary Journal of Information, Knowledge Management, page 2(Olszak, 2007). This article integrates ways in which companies are able to turn their integral data into key information which can be effectively be used by them. BI tools in decsion makign support for supply chain can be divided into three categories as reporting, real-time dashboards and benchmarking. Reporting is an integral functionality that allows the business to track its development and growth through various processes by obtaining data regarding Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) from the market. On-time delivery, customer acceptance rates, meeting committed capacity are all integral in makign crucial decisions in the supply chain framework(Turban, 2011). Real-time dashboards on the other hand allows interractive overview of daily happenings in transport, warehouse and other facilities that are re lated to supply chain. Benchmarking is another crucial functionality that weights companys performance against market scenarios regarding on-time deliveries, customer satisfaction rates, freigth rates and so on. Such comformance to standards allows benchmarking of the company allowing higher performance. M. Trkman (2010) article, The impact of business analytics on supply chain performance. In the journal Decision Support Systems, pages 318 to 327(Trkman, 2010). This article analyses potential of BI to contribute in the doamin of supply chain in various fields as transportation, warehousing, deliveries and so on. Through integration of BI certain key functions in supply chain can greatly be enhanced and incorporated. BI has capability to analyse smallest of mistakes in supply chain functionalities by integrating in lean logistics methodology. Application of BI tools and techniques in supply chain management framework is discussed in relation to supply chain management. An additional advantage from research in supply chain that has been added to BI proceses includes RFID tool. RFID tool acts as an additional BI tool providing data flow, which are further used for analysis at every point in supply chain processes. A.Waller (2013) article, Data science, predictive analytics, and big data: a revolution that will transform supply chain design and management. In the Journal of Business Logistics, pages 77 to 84(Waller, 2013). The scope of this article reviews decision criterias through integration of BI into supply chain network. BI allows better decision by analysis of data, optimising performance with respect to various systems. Thus, BI tool is integral in case management wants to extend its capabilities with respect to supply chain decision making capabilities. There are wide number of journals that provides relevant insights into concpets and theories of BI that can be used in supply chain processes in decision making. The main functionality however prevails is to create a dynamic response for each step of the movemnent for the product. A challenge in respect to integrating BI for catering to decision making criteria in business is its capability to proces information. Each type of organisati on makes use of its own BI tool for generating effectiveness in its supply chain procedure. While goal for such integration is crucial to develop competency within the industry, its procedure still remains to be a challenge. Method of application of BI tools in business highly vary and differ across various domain of businesses. Hence, businesses needs to learn from their competitors regarding the various processes in BI they have integrated. Such application will allow creation of core competency and brand development in the market. Thus, BI tool is integral to success of supply chain processes. Research Gap and Critical Analysis The analysis of literatures and analysis related to business intelligence with its application in supply chain framework has been conducted in the previous section. In spite of thorough evaluation of various literatures there remains a pertinent gap in research analysis. The research has been conducted with evaluation of literatures from journal articles, hence mostly secondary analysis of data and concepts have been undertaken. Qualitative analysis has been done for the purpose of this study and quantitative analysis has mostly been rejected in this. The research is mostly theoretical in nature and practical related data has not been undertaken for this study. The scope of the study however can easily be extended in the future with further addition of quantitative research and first had data extraction. Business Intelligence is bent optimization of their performance for better decision making in supply chain framework. BI tools are used to create visible transportation, warehousing, inventory and other component integration. Supply chain requires randomness with which components of the each part of the network needs to respond, such fast response creates compatibility to provide system based functionality. While product within an organisation moves form one point to another starting with supplier of raw material, it undergoes transformations. At each stage a value addition is done to the product then it goes to its warehouse or inventory, which stores the product for final delivery to its customers(Sahay, 2008). Products moves from one point to another based on customer demands of such products, hence customer demand forecasting plays an integral in supply chain functionalities. Attaining competency through processes in supply chain is fairly easier now compared to the past. Earlier in absence of BI mechanisms and tools several products used to suffer damage, there had also been incidence of products misplacements and other mishaps. Such delays with products have not only hampered organisational brand name but also deterred expansion of businesses. Earlier instead of BI tools, data mining techniques used to be adopted that led to storing of high volumes of data. Such high volumes of data often led to confusion and misinterpretation, which resulted in nearly no effectiveness. Hence, researchers along with industrialists developed tools that techniques that allowed integrating their components of supply chain processes such that they are easily able to track products. Tracking products has been of foremost importance in this domain of supply chain that creates efficiency of processes. Along with data mining, a tool was required within industries that allowed t hem to make prediction regarding their business processes and outcomes, preventing potential losses. Thus, emergence of BI allowed immense effectiveness to existing systems prevailing in supply chain processes. BI not only gathered and processed data but also provided critical information that could value add to the organisation. Through BI processes, organisations could easily decide what to produce, how much to produce, what quantities to produce and when to produce(Ranjan, 2009). Such critical information was required to ensure organisations success and sustainability for the future. RFID formed an integral tool in SCM processes that let them integrate BI systems to products directly. Now, organisations were capable of ascertaining reasons for failure or success of their various products. They could take more prudent decisions, which were integral especially in fast moving goods. Any type of fast moving industry faces immense threats from extinction of its demand related to parti cular products. Products related to FMCG, fast fashion, trends related businesses are often faced with threats from large volumes of products lying unutilized in their inventory over long periods of time. In these industries specifically information needs to be passed rapidly throughout supply chain such that logistics managers can respond to them fast and make integral decisions related to them. Such response or decisions are not possible in case they are not sourced from authentic and reliable analysis of data from sources. Data from storage are compiled and analysed utilizing BI technologies that have capabilities to recognize key integral information. With BI systems integrated into business systems, an organisation can not only have control over their resources, financial primarily rather they can take useful decisions regarding their inventory. The most useful invention of dynamic responsive supply chain system is lean manufacturing processes, that only triggers production once needed to. Lean manufacturing can deliver efficiency and high profitability to business by reducing amounts of working capital that gets blocked due to inventory. RFID techniques are similar that creates a response system that triggers information once a product gets exhausted. This can allow SCM processes in backward integration. At every point in supply chain a decision has to be made as to whether to transport or hold inventory. SCM processes that integrates BI often includes ERP (Enterprise Resources Planning) systems as well. ERP system can provide information regarding resource facility that are present with the organisation, such that SCM can trigger its procurement. Another integral aspect of SCM is its transportation systems. An ineffective transportation system can claim significant amount of resources and put burden on the business. It is the liability of SCM to plan its transportation management processes as well such that it can function in cost reductions. Transportations for the organisation uses diesel which needs to be optimized such that it does not become burdensome on the business. While every business is aware regarding the multiple benefits that can incur from BI integration into supply chain, there prevails confusion regarding its application capability. A methodology for application of BI tools for obtaining a procedural decision making needs to be devised. Such strategies for integration of decision making capabilities according to industry standards will help create competency and leadership position for the organisations. Recommendations and Conclusion Analysis of framework related to BI integration into SCM processes for decision making can enable development of better and more efficient framework. With globalisation, corporations now needs to reach out to global customer bases with their products hence SCM forms a key to their sustenance. Certain recommendations, which will allow corporations to gain maximum advantage from integration of BI into SCM framework, includes the following; Organisations in order to have a responsive supply chain system needs to integrate BI tools to transform data into information for the organisation. Once data transforms into information and is passed onto layers of supply chain delivery then it can act as useful data for taking integral decisions. Decision making in supply chain is restricted to comprehending analytical data available through BI systems. While BI functionality acts as a key component in providing information, scope related to such information needs to be carefully evaluated prior to their application as they are purely mechanically computed. BI systems might provide information that are integral for taking decisions but it is not able to provide filtered information, which it users needs to. While BI might be a mechanical process, decision support systems are not hence makers of decisions needs to carefully evaluate such data and information prior to arriving at decisions. Customer demand is a highly dynamic field that changes continuously and is affected by a plethora of variables. With new trends and corporations catering to similar products, it might be nearly impossible to arrive at decision regarding customer demand. Thus, in customer demand forecast, decision makers has to carefully evaluate the various variables in connection to past trends prior to instructing their production processes. BI might be capable of generating information from wide variety of data, but its implications has to be attempted physically with such information. Meaning movement of goods in an efficient manner is possible only in case information is passed on rapidly throughout such supply chain systems. An integrated framework of supply chain systems is more effective compared to one that is dependent on external systems. Thus, organisations needs to integrate their crucial functions with respect to their product delivery at each and every point of the supply chain including transportation to derive efficiency from the process. References Ballou, R. H. 2007. Business logistics/supply chain management: planning, organizing, and controlling the supply chain. Pearson Education India. Jourdan, Z. R. 2008. Business intelligence: An analysis of the literature 1. Information Systems Management, 121-131. Olszak, C. M. 2007. Approach to building and implementing business intelligence systems. Interdisciplinary Journal of Information, Knowledge Management, 2. Popovi?, A. H. 2012. Towards business intelligence systems success: Effects of maturity and culture on analytical decision making. Decision Support Systems, 729-739. Ranjan, J. 2009. Business intelligence: Concepts, components, techniques and benefits. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, 60-70. Sahay, B. S. 2008. Real time business intelligence in supply chain analytics. Information Management Computer Security, 28-48. Trkman, P. M. 2010. The impact of business analytics on supply chain performance. Decision Support Systems, 318-327. Turban, E. S. 2011. Decision support and business intelligence systems. Pearson Education India. Vercellis, C. 2011. Business intelligence: data mining and optimization for decision making. John Wiley Sons. Waller, M. A. 2013. Data science, predictive analytics, and big data: a revolution that will transform supply chain design and management. Journal of Business Logistics, 77-84.

Effects of Pollution in China Essay Example

Effects of Pollution in China Paper In the last two decades, the air pollution in China has increased substantially. The lack of good air quality is especially prominent in the more urban, industrialized areas of China. Environment Minister Chou Shenanigan warned, If China meant to quadruple the size of its economy over 20 years without more damage, it would have to become more efficient in resource use. Thinness, there would be a painful price to pay (BBC News). The topic of air pollution is not a new concern to the world; however, the effects of air pollution, especially to the hundred of thousands of people directly or indirectly harmed by the side effects of bad air, should be of grave concern. According to the Ministry of Health, air pollution has made cancer the leading cost of death in China. Air pollution not only affects the people, but also the quality of fresh water, produce, and other natural resources. These kinds of environmental outcomes may seem erratic in other countries but unfortunately, it has become the norm in China. We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Pollution in China specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Pollution in China specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Pollution in China specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In fact, air pollution in China since the sasss has gotten so bad that many of the industrialized areas in Beijing and Shanghai rarely see the sun but rather clouds of smoke and fog. China, with its infamous reputation of becoming a global economic powerhouse, is ironically becoming its own downfall. In the midst of their tremendous economic and industrial growth, the energy outputs to support this growth are reaching an all-time high which means there is more residue of coal and fuel burning released in the atmosphere. In order to understand the extent of pollution in China, one must understand the environmental, social, and political aspects of it. Currently, China is the leading nation in terms of population. Even though China has approximately 1. 3 billion people living in its territory, the ungenerous effects that pollution has taken upon the population is still of high concern although many people and government officials choose to not talk about it in order to not cause more burden on the already stressed country. According to the Worlds Resource Institute, respiratory disease is the number one cause of death in China (Worlds Resources Institute). In some regions, especially the major industrial zones in Huber Province, rates of chronic lung disease are at least five times higher than the rest of the country. Even the women who do not smoke cigarettes and are living around those areas have the highest rates of lung cancer globally that pertains to the population of women who do not smoke (Worlds Resources Institute). It is estimated that annual premature deaths attributable to outdoor air pollution were likely to reach 380,000 in 2010 and 550,000 in 2020 (BBC News). With these potential outcomes that are doubling every decade, China will face even more problems if these environmental issues are not dealt with now. In addition to air population, there is also the concern Of water pollution which coincides with the big cycle of environmental distress. In addition, many people who live near concentrated areas of pollution do not know how to protect themselves well because they are unaware of the long term effects of inhaling the air and drinking the water. Nearly half of Chinas population consumes drinking water contaminated with animal and human waste and acidic rain and erosion. While there has been an overall decline in mortality from infectious diseases, diarrhea diseases and viral hepatitis, both associated with fecal pollution of water, are the leading infectious diseases in China (Worlds Resources Institute). Because f contaminated, polluted water, China has the highest liver and stomach cancer deaths in the world. While the government is preoccupied with wanting to censor all this preventable chaos, many more people are becoming ill and dying from the lack of clean resources. Water pollution has become an intricate part of the problem as well. Many of the main rivers flowing through China have been the target for dumpiest for years. Because of its mass and distance, many people do not think ;ice when they dump their small amount of trash or waste inside the water; however, if twenty housing other people are having the same exact justification, then it now becomes an environmental safety hazard as well as a social problem. As a result, it is estimated that three-quarters of the rivers running through Chinese cities are so polluted that they cannot be used for drinking or fishing. Even the infamous Yellow River is suffering from man-made environmental problems. Once the countrys second biggest source of fresh water, the river is now so polluted that almost 70% is hazardous to drink; moreover, because the river has been the target for over-exploitation for many years, the water ends to dry up before it reaches the sea for almost a third of the year. According to the World Health Organization, reports estimate that diseases triggered by indoor and outdoor air pollution kill 656,000 Chinese citizens each year and polluted drinking water kills another 95,600 (Plant). The majority of the air pollution in China is generated by the burning of coal and fuel oil in order to generate electric power. They do not have that much hydrophone, power that comes from the energy of massive moving water, to help with demand and supply and, therefore, rely on the burning of coal. Coal s a natural resource that is abundant in amount but requires a lot of manpower and miners to obtain it every year. Because of its population and carrying capacity, China burns more coal to produce electricity than the U. S. , Europe and Japan combined. Air pollution and acid rain, which comes from the coal residue evaporating in the form of smoke into the atmosphere, is killing people. In addition to chemical and industrial factories producing all this dirtiness into the air, vehicles of transportation also add to this pollution epidemic. In the 1 sass, the number of vehicles on roads increased very vapidly, especially in medium-sized and large cities. In Beijing, the number of vehicles increased by a factor of 4, from 0. 5 million in 1990 to 2 million in 2002. In addition, the emission factor, the amount of pollution emitted by one car, in China is much higher than in developed countries because China has much lower emissions standards for automobiles (The Chinese Academy). Thus, the drastic rise in the number of vehicles and rapid development of industries in cities has led to worsening air quality, particularly higher concentrations of nitrogen oxides. The burning of poor quality fuel only adds o urban air pollution. Considering the amounts of traffic that the more urban, centralized cities deal with on a constant basis, the amount of fuel being burned into the atmosphere is reaching tremendous heights. Over the years, the government had implemented their own ways of dealing with the pollution problem as well as progressing social development. Embarrassed by the repercussions of industrialization and arbitration, Chinas environmental agency insisted that the health statistics be removed from the published version of media reports because the government did not wish to cause social instability. According to Spiegel Online International, in 2007 the Chinese government put pressure On the World Bank to take potentially damaging statistics out of a report on pollution in China (Spiegel Online International). Reportedly, the World Bank reluctantly agreed to the demand of the Chinese government and this report about pollution was never published. Many people did not believe the Chinese government undergone such secretive endeavors to protect them but rather it was just the Communists instinctive response to every case of bad news to cover it as much as possible. The Chinese government often has had a hard time irritating pressing issues at hand and, therefore, chooses to suppress it until the issue starts developing more and then reaches the attention of foreign countries. This kind of pattern has affected the Chinese government for many years now because of its lack of aggression towards personal, current issues. In terms of the environmental issues, Chinas model of pollution compared to that of the United States and Europe is worse because the density of its population is greater and people do not know how to protect themselves properly from the essential tools of life, water and air. Because of Chinas reputation as being one of the leading nations in fast economic growth, the government places economic growth before any other problem the nation might have. Some may say, the country is addicted to fast growth and instances of progression. Having a strong, solid economy would place China on the map as a great superpower and can very well earn them the respect and recognition from every other nation. If China starts to slow down their industrial development and economic growth at all, the effects would be social instability, the potential to lose foreign business and trading ratters, and takes away Chinas hard-earned reputation. Slowing down production to solve such insignificant problems may be a stretch for the Chinese government; however, the threat of pollution is very much real and staggering which in the long run, would affect the economy in a negative way. With the amount of health-related issues due to the environment, health care costs have climbed sharply. The lack of clean water has affected the farming and crop industry tremendously. The amounts of high energy- dependent industries create greater need for imported coal and fuel; therefore, the environmental problems gradually get harder and more expensive to address the longer they remain unresolved. According to National Geographic, the rate in which this pollution is harming women and children would have a great effect on the next generation of Chinas leaders, especially with the many recorded incidents of birth defects and brain damage that pregnant women are inhaling everyday of their lives. The pollution in China is not just a current problem but an issue that can surely affect the future of China extensively. In recent years, the Chinese government have been striving to address these environmental issues and making reforms to reverse Some of the effects. The government has set goals in order to reduce the emission of fuel and to conserve energy by reducing the level of energy that industries use as well as slowing down the demand for coals. Taking ideas from the United States, China has set to develop alternative methods of energy such as solar power. Yet most of the governments targets for energy efficiency, as well as improving air and water quality, have not been reached. Although there are many targets and goals set forth by the government to fix this pollution problem, no real concrete actions has taken effect. Chinas lack of monumental changes towards conservation and energy-efficient ways has resulted in no real progression. China refused to invest a lot of money and tax reforms to reach their supposed targeted goals. Even many bureaucratic leaders and city officials often do not invest their money and efforts into closing down factories and industries because that would hurt their local economies. In a way, the government reflects a dog-eat-dog world where everyone chooses to look out for themselves in order to prosper the most. In attempts to stick to their original goals, China began to explore the idea of the Green G. D. P in the mid sasss. The Green G. D. P was an effort to create an environmental yardstick for evaluating the performance of every official in China It recalculated gross domestic product, or G. D. P. , to reflect the cost of pollution (BBC News). In other words, this was a way to calculate the financial loss that pollution has had on the economy and for the government to adjust their expenditures in such a way to reflect a better G. D. P. However, the calculations for some provinces in China reach staggering amounts that was unrealistic for the Chinese government to adjust because if they did, their Roth rate for certain areas would be zero which means the overall economy would decline. Because of the failing numbers of the Green G. D. P for Chinas economy, the government pulled out of the project in 2007. The failed success of Green GAP for the Chinese government pushed the progression of environmental friendliness preservation back because of the financial and economic issues that arose from partaking in the Green G. D. P (New York Times). One such issue that China struggles with is realizing that any attempt or unrealistic goal set forth to fix the environment problem will always be met with many obstacles and resistance. Such unfortunate issues are part of the reason why China is reluctant in fixing their environmental problems and plays a role in the still on-going pollution issue today. In 201 1 , Toyota Motor announced that they will be making low-emission cars in China. Because China has the biggest market for cars, Toyota Motor wanted to get into that market in an environmentally friendly way. Along with having the biggest market for cars, China also has the biggest market for pollution. China was keen on welcoming the foreign aid of car expenditures to their market because Of its emphasis on producing low-emission Cars in the entry. As China attempts to work towards its pollution problems after many failed efforts, the people foresee this as a positive business venture on both the Japanese and Chinese because it benefits both sides. Japan would create a bigger market for themselves in East Asia and China will be on the road of becoming more green and energy-efficient, a problem that they have been facing for decades. All and all, it is safe to say that China as well as every other country around the world recognizes that the amount of pollution has increased tremendously. China has played a huge part in the matter because of its sieve industrialization and arbitration that attributes to their fast economic growth. Although there are many Chinese officials and leaders out there who fail to see the correlation between air pollution and long-term health and social effects, the growth of air pollution is not going away. Although there are very few studies attributing the socio-economic class, population size, and demographics to the growth of air pollution, the presence of air pollution affects everybody. There is, indeed, a major correlation between air pollution and increased mortality; therefore, China trivet to undergo many environmental-friendly programs. In short, there is sufficient evidence that exposure to outdoor air pollution is a health hazard in China. The importance oftenest increased health risks is greater than in developed countries because air pollution in China is at much higher levels and because the Chinese population accounts for more than one-fourth of the worlds total population. Future research will need to clarify the lifetime course of air pollution effects, examine the relevance of long-term exposures, understand alternative methods, and finding correlations between air elution and health hazards for the Chinese population.

Should we legalize the sale of human organs Essay Example

Should we legalize the sale of human organs Essay Example Should we legalize the sale of human organs Paper Should we legalize the sale of human organs Paper Abstinence programs: Do they work? Does access to condoms prevent teen pregnancy? Does access to condoms lead to irresponsible, dangerous, or bad behavior? Should students have access to information and birth control without parents’ consent? Does age of the student matter? Advertising: Should certain kinds of ads be banned in the interest of health/morality/annoyance – alcohol, cigarettes, prescription meds, etc†¦? Should advertisers be prohibited from marketing to children? Is advertising information or manipulation? Beauty contests: Do they serve any purpose in society? Are beauty pageants exploitive? Civic Responsibility: Should there be compulsory government service, military or otherwise, for all Americans, male and female, at age eighteen or upon graduation from high school? Should the draft be reinstated? Do women in combat place fellow soldiers in jeopardy? Do we have a fair taxation system? Although individuals complain about the â€Å"nanny state,† does the federal government have the right and responsibility to require compliance of its citizens for the common good? (Seat belt child safety seat laws, warning labels, vaccination laws, age requirements for spray paint) College athletics: Should colleges have athletic teams? Should college athletes be paid? Are college athletes at major universities really students? Should football coaches be paid more than the highest-paid professor? Divorce: Should we reform laws to make it harder to get a divorce? Should you have to pass a test to get married? Should the government even care about marriage? Education: Should there be national educational standards in the US as there are in most European countries and in Japan? Do children learn better in boys-only and girls-only schools? Should there be more severe consequences for failure in school? Should children be tracked? Should high schools be required to pay for remedial college courses for any of their graduates who are required to take them? Feminism: Is feminism still relevant? How do young women view feminism? Why do we have a wage gap where women earn only 75 cents for every $1 a man earns? Is the right to decide what happens to one’s own body part of feminism? Is it important that ERA never passed? Grades: In some European schools, fewer than 10% of students get As. Is there grade inflation in the U. S.? If so, why are there so many As for Americans? Does worrying about students’ self-esteem have a place in college? High school? Health care crisis: Most developed nations have universal health coverage. Why doesn’t the U. S. , one of the wealthiest nations, have it? What are we getting for our medical dollar? What does it cost in taxes and lost productivity not to have a national health care system? If individuals make poor lifestyle choices, should they lose their access to government-paid health benefits? How can we balance the need to lower the cost of malpractice insurance with the fact that physician malpractice is one of the leading causes of death? How should healthcare be rationed in the shortage to come? What is the current role of pharmaceutical and insurance companies in health care? Is that role appropriate? Health Food Industry: Should the federal government regulate the health food industry? Does self-regulation work? Homeland Security: Are we safer since the creation of this department? What powers and rights have been ceded to the government under the Patriot Act? Does the Patriot Act conflict with the Bill of Rights? Infrastructure: Why has the government failed to maintain America’s infrastructure? What is the role of government in maintaining infrastructure? What is the role of mass transit in a world of diminishing fuel resources? Do American’s have the right to drive huge cars and consume more than our share of the world’s resources? Does might make right? Why have the railroads in modern America played so small a role? Marijuana legalization: Should the federal government legalize, regulate, and tax the use of marijuana? Has the war on drugs worked? How much is spent fighting the war on drugs? Do current drug laws waste taxpayers’ money? Medical Advances: Should we legalize the sale of human organs? Is it ethical for parents to have a second child to better the chances of medical procedures for an existing child? Should extraordinary measures be taken so that infertile people become parents? Should life be prolonged at all costs? Obesity and weight loss: Should thin people have to pay Medicare and other health costs for the health problems of obese people? Should obese people have higher premiums? Should obesity be considered a disability under the Americans with Disabilities Act? Overpopulation: What would happen globally if the demand for natural resources is greater than the supply? Under what circumstances should government regulate the population growth? Paparazzi: What, if any, limitations should be applied to the paparazzi? Does the public have a right to know about a public figure’s private life? Parents: Should prospective parents be required to show a minimum level of competency as well as an ability to support before being allowed to reproduce? Should parents be held responsible when their children break laws? Should unmarried mothers be required to name the father of their child or children in order to draw welfare benefits from the state or federal government? Do parents have a social responsibility to vaccinate their children? Smoking: Should underage smokers lose their driver’s license? Should cigarette smoking be banned? Should the federal government pass an indoor smoking ban? Should smokers be required to pay higher premiums for health insurance than non-smokers? Statutory rape: Recently, a 17-year-old boy was sentenced to 10 years in prison for having consensual oral sex with a 15-year-old girl. Can a 15-year-old give informed consent? Are statutory rape laws patronizing to girls and discriminatory to boys? What role does multimedia play in the sexualizing of young people? Suicide: Should suicide be a crime? Should assisted suicide be legal? Euthanasia: When do you have an obligation to die? Victimless Crimes: In some states, it is illegal to cheat on a spouse. Should we prosecute cheaters? Is a law that’s not enforced really a law? Should so-called victimless crimes be prosecuted? In the United States current victimless crimes include prostitution, gambling, and illicit drug use. Argumentative Research Paper- 20% of course grade– In this 900 – 1100 word paper, students take a position on an issue from the list of designated prompts above, arguing a clear thesis and persuading the audience to consider their position. Students will be required to utilize at least seven outside sources as support, only two of which can be web-based, and demonstrate using correct MLA format incorporation/synthesis of the sources within your writing. For this paper as for the other out-of-class essays, students must show evidence of a verifiable writing process; therefore, working drafts and proof of feedback (i. e.  online, and/or writing center tutors, peer review) are required. Follow this procedure: Find a Good Topic To find good topic for an argument essay you should consider issues that will have two conflicting points of view or very different conclusions. As you look over the list of topics, find one that really sparks your interest. While a strong interest in a topic is important, its not enough to be interested. You have to consider what position you can back up with reasoning and evidence. Its one thing to have a strong belief, but when shaping an argument youll have to explain why your belief is reasonable and logical. Avoid topics that you are so strongly vested in emotionally that you cannot be objective. Consider Both Sides of Your Topic and Take a Position Once you have selected a topic you feel strongly about, you should make a list of points for both sides of the argument and then pick a side. One of your first objectives will be to present both sides of your issue with an assessment of each. Of course, you will conclude that one side (your side) is the best conclusion. You will need to consider the strong arguments for the other side. Then youll shoot them down! Gather Evidence When we think of arguments, we might picture two red-faced people speaking quite loudly and making dramatic gestures. But thats because face-to-face arguments often become emotional. In fact, the act of arguing involves providing proof to support your claim, with or without emotions. In an argumentative essay, you will have to provide evidence without providing too much drama. Youll explore two sides of a topic (briefly) and provide evidence as to why one side or position is the best one. Writing Stage Once youve given yourself a solid foundation to work with, you can begin to craft your essay. Like other essays, an argumentative essay should contain three parts: the introduction, the body, and the conclusion. The length of these parts (number of paragraphs) will vary, depending on the length of your essay assignment. 1. Introduce your topic and assert your side As in any essay, the first paragraph of your argumentative essay should contain a brief explanation of your topic, some background information, and a thesis statement. In this case, your thesis will be a statement of your position on a particular controversial topic. Example introductory paragraph with thesis statement: Since the turn of the new century, a theory has emerged concerning the end of the world, or at least the end of life as it is known. This new theory centers around the year 2012, a date that many claim has mysterious origins in ancient manuscripts from many different cultures. The most noted characteristic of this date is that it appears to mark the end of the Mayan calendar. But there is no evidence to suggest that the Maya saw any great relevance to this date. In fact, none of the claims surrounding a 2012 doomsday event hold up to scientific inquiry. The year 2012 will pass without a major, life-altering catastrophe. 2. Present both sides of the controversy The body of your essay will contain the meat of your argument. You should go into more detail about the two sides of your controversy and state the strongest points of the counter-side of your issue. After describing the other side, you will present your own viewpoint and then provide evidence to show why your position is the correct one. Select your strongest evidence and present your points one by one. Use a mix of evidence types, from statistics, to other studies and anecdotal stories. Re-state your position as the most convincing one in your summary paragraphs.

How can rio olympics accomodations(hotels, and so on) be reused Research Proposal

How can rio olympics accomodations(hotels, and so on) be reused - Research Proposal Example One of them will surely be the quality and quantity of accommodations. Based on the experiences when London hosted the latest Olympics in 2012, it became clear that an appropriate accommodation is a vital part of the successful international event. For example, there was a remarkable shortage of rooms, which led to unreasonably expensive room prices that surprised and eventually turned off many foreign visitors. To prevent these types of problems from happening again in 2016, an adequate number of rooms should be ready by the beginning of the event. The International Olympic Committee (IOC)  has recommended at least 40,000 hotel beds with three stars or more, while Rio de Janeiro, the host city, currently has only over 26,000. To fill the gap by the beginning of the games, construction should begin no later than the end of 2013. According to the report prepared by  the hosting situation Municipal Planning Department, there are currently 9116 rooms under construction and 8693 unde rgoing analysis or consultation.  Another concern is how to maintain the occupancy rate of accommodations after the Olympic games are done. The surplus of the rooms will lead to lower prices and eventually put pressure on the local economy of the post-Olympic Rio de Janeiro. The purpose of this paper is to conduct a research to find the equilibrium number of rooms to be additionally constructed, and what governmental actions should be taken to cope with the possible room surplus after the Olympic event. In order for this to be properly done, the data of the regular occupancy rate in Rio de Janeiro should be collected and a prediction on how it will be changed based on the new number of rooms should be made. The equilibrium number will be that is sufficient to accommodate all the delegations, athletes, journalists, and employees of companies linked to the event, but not too huge so the surplus is minimized when the city is back to normal status. An idea is that the newly built hote ls will be used more like apartments after the Olympic Games. That will require both constructional consideration and a more flexible licensing process on the part of the government. Tasks This study has two fundamental objectives, which are: 1) to determine the appropriate number of facilities to be constructed for accommodation; and, 2) to identify such facilities’ utility when the sporting event is over. For these purposes, the research is proposed to undertake a comprehensive comparative review of previous literature and documents. The aim is to determine a theoretical framework that would finally identify important evidences that will support successes and failures in the issue being investigated. For example, why were the facilities in the Beijing Olympics and the Athens Olympics before it, were left to rot or were never effectively reused? Or, what are the differences in such failures or successes? The theoretical framework that will be developed should be able to not only provide background information to augment the discussion and analysis sections of this study but also yield credible evidences and experiences that the Rio Olympics in 2016 could learn from. This research activity can also take the form of a documentary analysis

Making Connection between Black and White, Changing America and Civil Essay

Making Connection between Black and White, Changing America and Civil Disobidience - Essay Example These authors commonly discuss the problems of American society such as racial divide, immigrant problems, and assimilation of the people of other races into the mainstream white society. Though Goodale’s and Swerdlow’s approach to the problems of American society are more descriptive than prescriptive, Thoreau’s approach is quite prescriptive. He suggests that people of American society seem to be affected with a racial, cultural, political and religious identity confusion. Yet an American’s national identity is composed of a diverse but uniquely uniformed nationality including all of the contradictions. While the uniformity of the American nationality is ensured by a geographical unity, America is a heterogeneous society that contains diverse races, cultures, nationalities, religions, etc. Still American heterogeneous nationality is affected with a number of complexities. In her article, â€Å"Black and White†, Gloria Goodale addresses this racial divide within the heart of American society, whereas Joel Swerdlow, the author of â€Å"Changing America† depicts the changes that America’s racial identity has undergone and still is undergoing. On the other hand, though Henry David Thoreau’s â€Å"Civil Disobedience† deals with the sort of political protest an American should adopt in order to dissent what he or she does not support or think right. Though apparently Thoreau’s proposition â€Å"to withdraw from an evil† relates much to a man’s, especially an American’s, political life, such stance can help dispensing the racial divide in the American society.

Project at Aux Bons Soins Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Project at Aux Bons Soins - Essay Example May be this was in response to the sentiments coming through from the finance department. But this as well drew the wrath of the end users of the new system. They were up in arms mainly due to what they termed as preoccupation with delivery time lines and technical implementation. They opined the project manager had no regard to personal considerations of the rest of the team especially the end users of the system being implemented. Several managers involved with the project felt that there was more emphasis on the speed of implementation as opposed to the nature of business processes. Some of the team members lamented that he/she was being paralyzed by the constant reporting on deliverables that the project manager was insisting on. The line managers started having second thoughts about the project thereby questioning the credibility of the IT team. This came through even as the IT team maintained that the system being implemented would revolutionize business processes and increase efficiency. These squables paralyzed the project manager and rendered him ineffective due to his inability to mobilize the team members to own the project. There had to be a change of strategy if not personalities. This was made necessary by the fact that the very people who were expected to own and drive the project had turned out to be its biggest critics. This complicated matters because they were the same people who were relied upon to deliver the new system. Their grievances may not have been very genuine but they were paralyzing the project none the less a solution therefore had to be found. From the three stories, nothing is said of the professional qualifications and experience of the first project manager. I have reason to believe that if at all he was well trained and experienced project manager, he would have been able to factor in the grievances being aired by both the users and the finance department. He may not be the one to bare the entire blame for the difficulties f aced in the project but it’s expected that having implemented other projects before; he must have come across such opposition before. He would have employed his previous experience to solve the current mess. A change in leadership of the project was necessary. Solutions A new project manager who had a vast experience in project management was brought on board. Andre Gagne has been trained as an accountant and also had a master’s degree in information technology. Those are two areas of expertise that were very vital for the project which may be the former project manager didn’t have or chose not to employ. Having managed several other systems that involved integration of business processes and information technologies not to mention the solid background in insurance industry, he was well placed for the job. Within a short time, the new project leader was able to win the confidence of team leaders and restored the credibility of the project. Some of the changes he made that eventually saw the success of the project was sharing out the work. He reorganized the team into multidisciplinary teams in charge of developing solutions for the various problems that the project was to solve. Each multidisciplinary team consisted of experts from the relevant departments, management and the IT technical team. He went on to put together an orientation meeting

The Powerful Eunuchs Of China History Essay

The Powerful Eunuchs Of China History Essay Their stories are almost completely shrouded in mystery. These people are mentioned only as minute details in historical accounts, their lives often kept in seclusion from the world, probably even from history itself. These people play major roles in the unfolding of significant historical events, yet they are rarely even mentioned. From the shadows, they exercise their power. From behind the scenes, they carefully manipulate the government to their own interests. These incomplete men are very powerful. Yet, at the same time, they are pitiful. Their seemingly quick rise to power comes at a price, a price almost as valuable as their very lives. These people are called eunuchs. Eunuchs: An Introduction A eunuch, in general, is a term given to castrated men. However, for the purpose of this paper, the term eunuchs will be used to refer to Chinese eunuchs; more specifically, those that were in imperial service during the era of Chinas dynastic rule. Eunuchs served the primary function as guards and servants in womens quarters and to the emperors. But in time they gained power and control as they gained functions as advisers to the emperors of China (Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica Online 2010). In fact, in certain time periods, the eunuchs grew to be more powerful than the emperor. Indeed, the role of eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty has become an important portrayal of political society of that era (Hammond 2002). Castration started out as a form of punishment, particularly for the crime of rape. But as eunuchs became more and more popular and rich, poor families opted to have their sons castrated for a chance at a better life in the Imperial Court (Scholz 2001). From the definition itself, one becomes a eunuch by undergoing the process of castration. While castration is usually viewed as a gruesome and horrific procedure, there are some accounts that have actually romanticized it. In Piotr Scholzs Eunuchs and Castrati, there is a cultural account left by the emperors last eunuch, Sun Yao-ting pertaining to the delicate procedure of castration. In his account, he explains that the process starts by setting a date when the castration will be performed. He narrated that they would notify the person to be castrated that he must quickly urinate after the procedure so that his urethra would not be blocked and not get infected. The person, consequently then drinks lots of water to prepare for the ur ination. Then the castrator takes a rope and ties the one to be castrated in such a way that he was unable to move his hands or feet, (Scholz 2001, 137). After that, he prays for guidance with incense sticks. Then he moves on with the slicing of the organ. The mutilation is vividly described as fountains of red, white and yellow liquid gushing from the wound (Scholz 2001, 137). Then the castrator inserts a goose quill into the urethra of the castrated so as to retain the opening formed by the slit. Then finally, the castrator treats the wounds with tampons dipped in wax, sesame oil and paper. A few days later, after the castrated man urinates, and in essence his excretory system is functioning well again, he is checked if he is already cleared to go to the palace. Once all the preparations are complete, before he leaves for the palace, the castrator gives the castrated a package wrapped in oilpaper and instructs him on what to do with the package. The castrator says that for everything to go well, he must follow that set of instructions: When youre in the palace, put it in a bushel of grain, hang the bushel on the beam supporting the ceiling of your room and raise it a little higher each year. Then it will protect you and ensure you that you will grow every year. And remember one more thing: when you are near death, it must be with you in the grave or the six lines of your ancestors will be incomplete. Those who are neither man nor woman cannot be reborn!(Scholz 2001, 138). So basically, even after the castration process, there is a routine to be followed by the castrated . The responsibility of the eunuch to the part that has been separated from his has not been lost but must carry on till his death. Castration leads to several physical and supposedly emotional and mental changes among castrates. Depending on the age in which castration took place, eunuchs vary in characteristics. Often, males who are castrated earlier in boyhood generally do not obtain the male characteristics obtained during puberty. Facial hair and pubic hair do not grow and their voice remains high pitched and unchanged. Males, who are castrated well after their puberty, will still grow pubic hair despite the absence of facial hair. The pubic hair will however, be much more diminished. A common characteristic among eunuchs though is the characteristic of never going bald. (Wilson and Roehrborn) As such, eunuchs were unable to have heirs and were thus seen to be more trusted as it would prevent dynastic overthrows by their heirs. In fact, it was this very reason why the Chinese dynasties sought to utilize eunuchs as servants and attendants to the emperor and his family, and even other high-ranking officials in the government. Essentially, the main reason why people aspired to become eunuchs was the having the honor of working as an imperial attendant, which more often than not meant an improvement of economic status. On numerous occasions, fathers would have their sons castrated as early as seven years old in order for their sons to leave for the imperial palace as soon as they recover from the castration. Especially among poorer families, having someone from the family become a eunuch meant honor, and economic improvement. For the eunuch himself, becoming a eunuch meant indirect access to power and relationships with the higher officials. History of Eunuchs Historical anthropologic evidence proves that the earliest eunuchs emerged from the Shang Dynasty. According to Piotr Scholz Eunuchs and Castrati, In 1976 little figurines of servants (c. 9 cm in height) were discovered in the grave of Fu Hao, wife of Emperor Wu-ting (Wu-ding); they are the oldest known representations of palace eunuchs, (Scholz 2001, 129). This is proven by statues excavated in Lingjiatan. The statues excavated show no distinct sexual characteristics. Originally, castration was used very early as a form of punishment both for criminals among ones own population and for prisoners taken in war, (Scholz 2001, 131). Here it is clear that castration was not intended to be beneficial to the castrated as what has later turned out in the course of history. What is fascinating is how the paradigm shifted from the eunuchs being looked down upon, to them almost assuming most of the imperial powers. Such series of events will lead to famous rise of the eunuchs to their subtle fading. Sun Yao-ting (1902-1996), the last eunuch of Emperor Pu-I, tells of how he was insulted by a Chinese Republican officer with the line: Since time immemorial, you eunuchs have been the ruin of China! (Scholz 2001, 131). This was because, with regards to castration as punishment, it is most likely assumed that it was used early on as a substitute for the death penalty in cases involving political crimes, (Scholz 2001, 133). With this, as Piotr Scholz further writes: This allows us that eunuchs represented a political intelligentsia that did not conform to the notions of the dominant Confucian bureaucracy which was constantly trying to shape the empire in its own imageà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Scholz 2001, 133). The way it really was is therefore contradictory to the previous claim of the Chinese Republican who looked down on eunuchs when the fact that the reason for their castration was the fear of their intellect and political prowess comes into play. The eunuch Tsao Tsao (144-220 C.E.), son of eunuch Tsao Sung and grandson of eunuch Tsao Teng, even became the grand counselor and was a victorious general. Tsao Teng, the grandfather, have already been influential enough because he had already owned a large land and has served four emperors, but Tsao Tsao became part of the circle that helped Emperor Huan-Ti (r. 146-167 C.E.) to ascend the throne, following the murder of Huans predecessor, Liang Chi. (Scholz 2001, 143). Furthermore, when child emperor An-ti (106-125 C.E.) was enthroned, he was involved in every conceivable kind of intrigue at court. (Scholz 2001, 143). Because of this and through Empress Dowager Tengs help, he also gained favor and influence over the prince and next emperor Shun, such that during the reign of Emperor Shun (126-144 C.E.) of the Han Dynasty, the eunuchs reached the peak of their powers when they were allowed to adopt sons to succeed them and go to even greater heights. They even became personal secret aries (shang-shu) to the emperor, (Scholz 2001, 143). Ultimately, Tsao Tsaos son, Tsao Pei (188-227) soon ruled as emperor himself. However, with great power comes great responsibility, such that during the reign of Emperor Yuan Shao (189 C.E.) during the Han Dynasty, thousands of them [eunuchs] were slaughteredà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ in an attempt to curtail their influence, (Scholz 2001, 135). It is clear then that eunuchs got the point when they were feared even by the strongest imperial power, the emperor. But because Emperor Yuan Shao never succeeded in finishing the eunuchs off, their intellect was, rather than countered, utilized once more, thus marking the rebirth of the eunuchs shaping of the kingdom. By 800 C.E., the situation had reached a point where eunuchs have become a determining factor in choosing who was to accede to the imperial throne, (Scholz 2001, 146). Eunuchs had the preference of Buddhism over Confucianism because they found it congenial to their life. But in the course of the 9th century, as old doctrines were revived, Buddhist doctrine and practice was decreed as un-Chinese, (Scholz 2001, 148). In 903, eunuchs who had accompanied the emperor to their last day were killed in a bloody massacre led by Chu Chuan-chung (Zhu Wen, 907-923), the founder of the later Liang Dynasty, (Scholz 2001, 149). With the collapse of the Ming Dynasty, the eunuchs collapsed as well. Due to the high level of corruption in government, it was running out of capital. Inflation compounded the impact of dwindling resources. As local administrative costs rose, the imperial government levied irregular taxes to meet pressing financial obligations (Atwell 1988). With this, the decline of the influence of eunuchs started as a new era ensued in which the court no longer regarded the aristocratic ideas of status and ritual, espoused by many eunuchs, as vital to maintaining the interests of the state. These ideas, in fact, degenerated into a seemingly ineffectual court etiquette, (Scholz 2001, 149). But its not as if though they were stripped of all their power in the court, they were still assigned positions and sent to expeditions. The difference is that they no longer directly affected the decisions of the emperor. Eunuchs were perceived as very corrupt officials. Despite having only meager salaries, upon their deaths, their massive fortunes were discovered. An example is the eunuch Li Yung-chen (1583-1628). When he was executed in 1628, his confiscated properties were said to have been worth 270,000 taels of silver. Ming historians contrast this to the annual wage for some manual workers in Beijing at the turn of the sixteenth century, was approximately 4.2 taels (Atwell 1988). This was due to the fact that they were known to misappropriate funds. Such practices were extremely common, to claim military supplies for 100,000 named soldiers when there were in fact only 50,000 troops, and only have less than half of the 50,000 needing the supplies. The court thus pays for four solders for one soldier (Atwell 1988). Such is only one example of the great corruption the eunuchs made. Eunuch influence in economic activities was made possible because they fulfilled the capricious demands of their emperors despite the growing financial needs of the state. Their positions allowed the eunuchs to build a base, which in turn strengthened their positions in the economic as well as political and military worlds. The power over labor, land and taxes made it impossible not to cooperate with eunuchs. This brought them to great power. Using such privileges, they were able to exploit the sy stem further to increase power and wealth (Crawford 1961). By 1644, it is estimated that there were 70,000 eunuchs in the palace alone and 100,000 in the entire empire (Crawford 1961). At this point, castration became widespead and despite the emperors decrees against such, castration still became common for poorer families who could not afford to send their children to school (Crawford 1961). Compounded by the fact that the emperor was not consistent, eunuchization became very rampant as a means to get rich and powerful easily. The Chinese imperial eunuchs ended with Sun Yao-ting as the last of the emperors eunuchs. He left an account that though it is embellished, it is of interest as an example of cultural history, (Scholz 2001, 136). It is important to note that what ended was the Chinese and imperial element of eunuchism. Eunuchism itself has existed far out through time into todays era and now has a new connotation depending on the culture and surrounding society of the eunuch. The Roles of Eunuchs in Government Eunuchs had been used as servants in the imperial palace since the late fourteenth century, and from the early fifteenth century, their functions, numbers, and power increased. By the mid-fifteenth century, eunuchs were a well-established element of the Ming bureaucracy, serving in the capital and in the provinces in both military and civil posts. Numbers fluctuated, but early in the sixteenth century, there are said to have been over 12,000 palace eunuchs in Beijing alone (Robinson 2010). The Ming government was divided among six ministries in the 1390s, Personnel, Revenues, War, Punishment, Rites, and Public Works (Tsai 1995). While each ministry had its own minister, they were really under direct control of the emperor, who frequently used his eunuchs to run the state. Constantly locked in adversary positions with the eunuchs, the scholars despised and hated the eunuchs, blaming them for the ills of society (Tsai 1995). Eunuch influence was greatest in periods of weak emperors. During the Ming Dynasty, where the eunuch abuses were most rampant, there were some periods of history where the eunuchs were practically running the empire. As emperors felt that eunuchs represented the best interests of the imperial family at heart, the contact between emperor and bureaucracy was carried entirely through eunuchs (Crawford 1961). Eunuchs were first organized into a Directorate of Palace Servants. But as their functions expanded beyond the inner court and their number increased, they were repeatedly reorganizeduntil after I400, they were finally organized into twenty-four offices. At this point, they had ceased to be entirely personal tools used at imperial discretion and became instead an institutionalized bureaucracy with its own inner development and history (Crawford 1961). In the final organization, there were twelve Directorates, four Offices, and eight Bureaus. Each Directorate had one Director with th e rank of 4a; a senior and junior Vice-director each with the rank of 4b; a senior and junior Assistant director with the rank of 5a; one Recorder with the rank of 6a; and a varying number of lesser officials. The Directorates had charge of such matters as staff supervision, imperial provisions and food, seals, ancient and modern archives, metal tokens given to meritorious statesmen, credentials, instructions, construction of storehouses, weddings, gunpowder, constructionof temples, the imperial insignia and tent, the imperial stables, military tallies and other such items. Some of these Directorates were thus closely associated with the Ministry of War (Crawford 1961). The main contribution of eunuchs was in the field of military and secret service. Emperors used eunuchs as emissaries to foreign countries. In fact, by the end of the Ming Dynasty, what existed of the central military arm was largely in the hands of eunuchs (Crawford 1961). In the end, the eunuchs were less like household servants meddling in state affairs and more like an administrative hierarchy who exercised powers in all areas of government (Tsai 1995). Famous Eunuchs of Ancient China Eunuchs were often seen as the antagonist to the Confucian court officials. Differing in priorities, they had different agendas. While most eunuchs have been depicted negatively and in an antagonistic manner, there were some eunuchs that rose above and became important figures in Chinese history, and there is no other greater eunuch than Zheng He (also Cheng Ho). Zheng He was from the early Ming dynasty and was both a Muslim and a Eunuch. He had won the reputation as a great diplomat and military strategist. Unlike most eunuchs, he was a delegated in the military, in charge of seven official oceanic expeditions, a first in Chinese history. With an armada of 63 ships, Zheng He traveled around the world, first primarily to South East Asia, then eventually to the Middle East and Africa (Willetts 1964). In fact, he was even known to have brought back some African animals such as giraffes, lions, and tigers from the fifth expedition (Willetts 1964). Zheng He died in extreme old age in 144 4. Despite numerous voyages that brought China closer to the world, scholars agree that the voyages actually had no practical results, essentially meaning that it was a waste of money and that from the perspective of the Ming dynasty, it was an absolute waste of resources given that they were not empire builders, Ming did not have a sense of mission (Willetts 1964). This then provides an answer as to why after Zheng Hes final voyage of 1431, there no on longer any naval excursions by the Chinese. But while there were no longer any naval operations afterwards, in the time that Zheng He lived, he was by no means the only eunuch in the high seas (Willetts 1964). In contrast to Zheng He who had the best intentions are the four infamous tyrannical eunuch dictators, Wei ZhongXian in the late Ming, Wang Zhen in the 1440s, Wang Zhi in the 1470s, and Liu Jin in the 1500s (Dillon 1998). Wang Zhen was voluntarily castrated as a youth and entered palace eunuch school. Wang was made Director of Ceremonial when Emperor Ying-tsung ascended. He was killed by an army on its retreat (Crawford 1961). Liu Jin was also voluntarily castrated. He attached himself to a higher eunuch in order to advance, then subsequently took the position. He was put in charge of the Bureau of Cymbals and Gongs. But more than that, he controlled the secret police Eastern Depot. He is considered to be one of the eight tigers (Crawford 1961). Wei is often compared to Yang Lian, a Confucian adviser who late becomes an adversary. Their tales are often contrasted as they both experienced hardship in becoming high officials in the court. Yang Lian had to study and take many licensure exams in order to receive what is equivalent to the doctorate, while Wei ZhongXian had to live castrated and maneuvers his way in the eunuch system (Tsai 1995). As a child, Wei chose castration as a way out of his gambling debt (Crawford 1961). Because of his cunning nature, he was able to work his way into the system and become a grand eunuch in the Ceremonial Directorate of the Ming court. As a palace eunuch, he cheated his superiors and gained advantages by swindling them. But amidst that cruel life, his path into becoming a eunuch was a turbulent one, scarred emotionally, physically, and psychologically. Physically, his hormone levels caused wrinkled skin, stiffened joints, and weak muscles. Eventually, he became evidently more feminine than masculine (Tsai 1995). In order to rise above the ranks, Wei aligned himself only with the most powerful eunuchs and palace women. He worked first in the imperial stable, moving his way up until he became assigned to be the cook for Emperor Wanlis grandson, who later became Emperor Tianqi (Tsai 1995). It was this connection that gained him much of the fame and fortune. It was cooking for Tianqi as well that he met Ke, Tianqis mistress. The teenage Tianqi felt a deep, more than childlike devotion to Mistress Ke. In fact it was Ke who recommended Wei in 1622 to become the grand eunuch in the most powerful Ceremonial Directorate (Tsai 1995). Together with Ke, Wei had an improper and unhealthy influence on the young emperor. Wei received the emperors approval to train a eunuch army, and he was also made director of a secret police establishment called the Eastern Depot (Tsai 1995). He used his position to remove people he deemed undesirable and began a reign of terror by demoting and then murdering his former patron. As Tianqi lived a life of luxury, Wei killed countless number of people, dismissed honorable officials, stole jewelry from the imperial treasure, and acquired riches for his family (Tsai 1995). It was then tha t Yang Lian, now a censor, decided to impeach Wei. While 100 other officials sided with yang in denouncing Wei, Tianqi stood by Wei and ordered the high ranking officials including Yang to be flogged to death (Tsai 1995). It was only upon Tianqis death at the age of 23 that the reign of terror ended. Wei left Beijing with a guard of 800 eunuchs, 1000 horses, 40 wagonloads of jewelry. On his way to a prison outside Nanjing, he took his only and his copse was dismembered and displayed in his hometown as a warning to the public (Tsai 1995). Modern Eunuchs The word modern eunuchs may refer to either of two things: one, a modern eunuch may refer, in literal sense, to people who have been castrated, and two, it may also refer to people who are not the highest ruling body but play a big role in forming the decisions of the said ruling body through their political influence. With regards to the first meaning, it is not surprising that eunuchs still exist today since castration has not been fully ruled out as a punishment for heavy crimes. Reports about the activities and movements of eunuchs are spread out on the news all over the world, and clichà © enough, the world has some good news and bad news about eunuchs. Starting off with bad news so as not to break spirits after lifting them with the good news, news from BBC News South Asia reports that in India, eunuchs actually cut off mans penis. This is according to BBC correspondent in Himachal Pradesh, India, Baldev Chaunan. According to the report, the victim, Sonu, has been working as a drummer with a group of eunuchs, because apparently, dalits in India live by turning up uninvited at weddings, births and other major family events and singing until they are paid enough to go away. The said report also says that the reason why the eunuchs cut off the mans penis was unclear. It is just known fact that Eunuchs in India generally live in self-contained communities, ostracized [sic] by the rest of society. Countering this ruling fact is a news report by Reuters India dated November 10,2006 that reports: Dancing and singing eunuchs are knocking on doors in the Indian City of Patna in a bid to embarrass shopkeepers into paying their taxes. It is further said in the news article that they were hired by the government as a new shock strategy to make tax evaders pay their lot. It has been proven in the report that this strategy has worked, and who knows? It might just be the solution to the tax evasion that has been going on in India for some time. The eunuchs dont go home penniless either, they were promised by the taxmen 4% of the total commission. So the strategy was indeed a win-win case for both parties. It would be pleasing to hear that there still are good news like these once in a while where even the ostracized get to contribute to the betterment of the country. Now the meaning of eunuchs as castrated individuals may, in itself, take a figurative form with the meaning anyone who has lost their balls or sense of manliness. To be straightforward about it, the third sex, especially gays who have lost their balls when they decided that they were women trapped in a mans body, and transsexuals, who have had reconstructions of certain body parts, fall under this classification of modern eunuchs. This is because not only should the physical aspect of a human be considered, what is important to the person should also be considered, for what is a part if its meaning is empty? A mans genital would be just another part of the body if he does not give value to it nor take care of it. From this angle, it could be said that those who belong to the third sex and transsexuals are also eunuchs. Finally, eunuchs have always been known to have influential powers over the ruling forces, so ultimately, for the researchers of this topic, people who are influential enough to make the slightest differences in the decision of the higher authorities are also to be considered as eunuchs. People such as Chiz Escudero who, though he is part of the opposition, which is even the counter force of the administration, makes an impact on the decision that the authorities make and on the moves they execute next. A lot of forces outside the administration are actually making slightest effects on the decrees that the president makes. For example, rich and powerful clans like the Lopezes and Cojuangcos are always taken into consideration in the making of policies although they are not necessarily part of the ruling force itself. They are eunuchs not by appearance, but by essence. Insights and Learnings So in the course of writing this paper about Chinese eunuchs, we, the researchers, have learned a lot and have acquired a lot of insights in relation with eunuchs. And with that, we contest with the thought that the eunuchs rose to power. There can be no rise of they were at the top to begin with. How can I say that they were already at the top when castration was a grave punishment to begin with? and Shouldnt it be that they started from humble beginnings and rose from the ranks? are some of the questions that might grapple with us in this matter. Here we reiterate the point mentioned in the history part of this paper; the part that says that eunuchs were castrated in exchange for death penalty. It also said that they were castrated because of political crimes. There is logic as to why this assumption could be drawn. If what the person has done has been completely barbaric and criminal like stealing and killing, then the government might as well do off without them, but in this case , the government didnt kill the criminals. Why? Because the crimes they have committed were political crimes. They were crimes against the ruling political view, Confucianism. In short, the soon-to-be-eunuchs were actually political analysts in the sense that they were able to find flaws and possibly solutions to the flaws in the government. This is why instead of disposing them; the government was able to use them as political advisors of some sort in the form of what would soon be called eunuchs. They already had this richness in them to begin with, the richness of knowledge of what to do, of whats wrong and how to correct that wrong. They were already powerful in that whatever the emperor couldnt solve, they already had a plan of action in their minds. Ranking was of no relevance. After all, there is no way to measure knowledge in its most raw form. What could be measured is the ratio of intelligence to age or IQ, but that isnt knowledge in itself. More than this insight, we were able to learn a few things in relation with eunuchs. People cant have everything. This is a chip from the clichà ©: nobodys perfect. People cant be rich, famous, intelligent, influential and still have no flaws. We just realized that one way or another, no matter how high up they are, there will always be one thing they lack. Well, in the case of eunuchs, the readers should know by now what the rich, intelligent and influential eunuchs lack. Thats right. Facial hairà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and more. Also, what goes up, must come down, is another learning from this topic about eunuchs. When there is too much yang, yin must sink in. Meaning, there must always be balance. Things will always return to their normal state. They will always try to equalize themselves out. A ball launched high into the sky, no matter the peak height, will always go back to the ground right after. The closer you are to something, the harder it is to see it. The emperors really had a ha rd time solving their problems. It was because they were in too deep that they forgot to look at the bigger picture and how to move the puzzle pieces in that picture. They needed an outsiders perspective to assess and evaluate the situation because they are the ones who are able to see clearly. It is important sometimes to look at the thing as a whole to see what is wrong with it from a different and easier-to-handle angle.